Replaced the colonial-era Land Acquisition Act of 1894. Required consent of 80% of landowners for private projects and 70% for PPP projects, social impact assessment, enhanced compensation (2-4x market value), and mandatory rehabilitation.

India's first major urban reform programme aimed at infrastructure development, urban governance reform, and provision of basic services to the urban poor in 65 mission cities. Required urban local body reforms as conditionality.

Launched to provide all-weather road connectivity to unconnected habitations with population of 500+ (250+ in hilly/tribal areas). Connected over 1.7 lakh habitations, transforming rural access to markets, healthcare, and education.