RBI notification: Implementation of Section 51A of UAPA, 1967: Updates to UNSC’s 1267/ 1989 ISIL (Da'esh) & Al-Qaida Sanctions List: Amendment of 2 Entries
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Civil Liberties
20 policy documents tracked in this sector, plus 75 related analysis, announcements and news items
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Related Sectors
Constitutional foundations
Full policy history →Where this sector's policy story begins — in the Constituent Assembly, 1946–1949.
The Objectives Resolution
The Resolution's language survives almost verbatim in the Preamble, which courts still use to test legislation — from the basic structure doctrine (Kesavananda Bharati, 1973) to modern welfare and rights jurisprudence. Read the debate →
Uniform civil code
The same arguments recur in every UCC debate since — the Hindu Code Acts of the 1950s, the Special Marriage Act 1954, Shah Bano and triple talaq legislation, and Uttarakhand's 2024 state-level UCC. Read the debate →
Abolition of untouchability
Article 17 grounds the Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 and the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989, and remains the constitutional basis for manual-scavenging prohibition laws and caste-discrimination enforcement today. Read the debate →
Political safeguards for minorities
The settlement survives today: SC/ST reservations in legislatures, repeatedly extended under Article 334, alongside minority rights protected through Articles 25-30, minority educational institutions and bodies like the National Commission for Minorities. Read the debate →
Universal adult franchise and an independent Election Commission
This produced the Election Commission of India and the Representation of the People Acts (1950-51), the machinery behind the world's largest elections — and the ongoing policy debates over voter rolls, EVMs and simultaneous elections. Read the debate →
Emergency powers over the states
President's Rule was invoked over a hundred times before S. R. Bommai (1994) made its use judicially reviewable — the exact abuse-versus-safeguard tension the Assembly debated, still live in every Centre-state confrontation. Read the debate →
Ambedkar's closing address: the grammar of anarchy
The speech is modern India's most-cited constitutional text — invoked by courts and policymakers on welfare, reservation and dissent alike, and the standard frame for judging whether policy has closed the social and economic gap Ambedkar named. Read the debate →
Policy documents 20
Acts, rules, notifications, schemes and budgets in force
RBI notification: Implementation of Section 51A of UAPA, 1967: Updates to UNSC’s 1988 (2011) Taliban Sanctions List: Amendment of 01 Entry:
RBI notification: Implementation of Section 51A of UAPA, 1967: Updates to UNSC’s 1267/ 1989 ISIL (Da'esh) & Al-Qaida Sanctions List: Amendment of 21 Entries
RBI notification: Implementation of Section 51A of UAPA, 1967: Updates to UNSC’s 1267/ 1989 ISIL (Da'esh) & Al-Qaida Sanctions List: Amendment of 04 Entries
India's first comprehensive data protection legislation governing the processing of digital personal data. Establishes Data Protection Board, defines data principal and fiduciary rights and obligations, and provides for significant penalties.
Provided legislative backing for the Aadhaar project, defining it as proof of identity for receiving subsidies, benefits, and services. Passed as a money bill. Established data protection and authentication framework.
Gave statutory backing to Aadhaar as a tool for targeted delivery of subsidies and services. Established UIDAI as a statutory authority with data protection provisions and authentication framework.
Central Act enacted 2016-03-25. Full text on India Code (indiacode.nic.in).
Pioneered electronic transfer of government subsidies and benefits directly to beneficiary bank accounts using Aadhaar authentication. Aimed at reducing leakages, eliminating middlemen, and improving targeting of welfare schemes.
Launched to transfer subsidies directly to beneficiary bank accounts linked to Aadhaar, reducing leakages and middlemen. Initially covered LPG subsidy (PAHAL), scholarships, and MGNREGA wages. Later expanded massively under NDA government.
First Aadhaar number issued to a resident of Tembhli village, Maharashtra on 29 September 2010. Marked the operational launch of the world's largest biometric identity programme, crossing 100 crore enrolments by 2016.
Made free and compulsory education a fundamental right for children aged 6-14 years under Article 21A. Mandated 25% reservation in private schools for economically weaker sections and set pupil-teacher ratios.
Made education a fundamental right for children aged 6-14 years, mandating free and compulsory education in neighbourhood schools. Required 25% reservation in private schools for economically weaker sections. Set norms for pupil-teacher ratios and infrastructure.
Establishment of UIDAI under Nandan Nilekani to issue unique 12-digit identification numbers (Aadhaar) to all residents of India. Became the world's largest biometric ID system, later underpinning Direct Benefit Transfer and digital governance.
Established UIDAI to issue 12-digit unique identification numbers (Aadhaar) to all Indian residents. First Aadhaar number issued in September 2010. Became the world's largest biometric identification system.
Strengthened protections for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes against caste-based atrocities. Enhanced penalties, established special courts, and provided for rights of victims during investigation and trial.
Landmark transparency legislation empowering citizens to request information from public authorities, replacing the Freedom of Information Act 2002. Widely regarded as one of the strongest accountability tools in Indian democracy.
Landmark transparency legislation giving citizens the right to access information from public authorities. Established Information Commissions at central and state levels. Widely regarded as one of the most significant governance reforms in Indian democracy.
Central Act enacted 2005-06-15. Full text on India Code (indiacode.nic.in).
Central Act enacted 1994-01-08. Full text on India Code (indiacode.nic.in).
Analysis & research 6
Reports, briefs and long reads
Martin Macwan is a human rights activist from Gujarat, India, and the founder of Navsarjan Trust, Dalit Shakti Kendra, and Dalit Foundation. The recipient of the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award in 2000, Martin has spent decades challenging untouchability by mobilising marginalised communities and organising campaigns across the country. His mentorship and grassroots activism have inspired generations of young leaders from India’s marginalised communities. In this interview wi
Martin Macwan is a human rights activist from Gujarat, India, and the founder of Navsarjan Trust, Dalit Shakti Kendra, and Dalit Foundation. The recipient of the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award in 2000, Martin has spent decades challenging untouchability by mobilising marginalised communities and organising campaigns across the country. His mentorship and grassroots activism have inspired generations of young leaders from India’s marginalised communities. In this interview wi
The Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP Act) governs how organisations in India collect, store, and use personal data. In November 2025, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology government notified the act and the DPDP Rules, and organisations have until May 2027 to become compliant. The act applies to any entity that collects personal data, which includes nonprofits. For a sector that has long relied on field staff, offline forms, and informal channels such as WhatsApp to c
Aadhaar App crosses 5 crore downloads, expanding access to digital Aadhaar services and strengthening secure, consent-based offline identity verification.
In April 2026, nearly 8,000 teachers across Jharkhand taught in classrooms while fasting in protest. The action was organised in response to reports that the School Education and Literacy Department had halted funding for 223 of the state’s 523 non-aided institutions for FY 2025–26. Teachers warned that the move would put the education of nearly four lakh students at risk and announced a statewide mahadharna in Ranchi. That same month, the government delayed the long-overdue Jharkhand Teac
India’s transition from Digital Public Infrastructure to indigenous AI is not simply an effort to make more data available for AI development. It is to see how data associated with public digital systems can be brought into new technological uses without weakening the legal and institutional safeguards that govern its collection, access and use. That balance creates sustained innovation alongside privacy, participation and public accountability. The post DPI for AI and AI for DPI appeared first
News coverage 69
Journalism about this sector — not policy documents
The judge said the NIA could not defeat the accused’s right to bail by filing a chargesheet limited to immigration offences while the UAPA probe continues.
The Samajwadi Party government will be formed after the 2027 Assembly polls, and the rule of social justice will be established, says SP chief Akhilesh Yadav while reacting to the leader joining the party.
Irans Pezeshkian Araghchi to get US visas for UN General Assembly
He said the Trinamool Congress secured nearly 41% of the votes in West Bengal in the recent Assembly elections despite what he described as attempts by the BJP to misuse central agencies
Managing director of Malayalam news channel Reporter TV, Anto Augustine has moved a plea before the Kerala High Court seeking bail following his arrest on allegations of possessing liquor in excess of the legally permissible levels under the Kerala Abkari Act.Augustine had been arrested in the case on Thursday morning. On Thursday night, he was remanded to 14 days if judicial custody. He later moved a bail before a trial court, which rejected the application earlier today. Augustine has now move
A Kerala court on Friday denied bail to Managing director of Malayalam news channel Reporter TV who was arrested on Thursday morning in connection with a case involving the alleged possession of liquor in excess of the legally permissible levels under the Kerala Abkari Act. Judicial First Class Magistrate Adheena Biju at Sulthan Bathery had remanded him to 14 days judicial custody late on Thursday night. Augustine subsequently moved a bail plea which was dismissed by the Magistrate today.Augusti
Gaurav Bharti, a member of the Cockroach Janta Party (CJP), has moved the Allahabad High Court seeking to quash a criminal case registered against him in connection with a video highlighting the dilapidated condition of a school in Farrukhabad.The 22-year-old's petition is listed for hearing on September 21. As per the plea, Bharti, as part of the CJP's 'School Thik Karo' campaign, had visited a government primary school on August 16 and recorded a video regarding its poor condition. The school
Earlier this month, the agency filed a chargesheet against Van Dyke and six Ukrainian citizens for alleged illegal entry, stay and movement in India, but did not invoke the anti-terror law Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).
While Augustine claimed he was unaware of the liquor bottles, the Excise Department opposed the bail plea, arguing that a detailed investigation was required to establish the source of the seized liquor